Kamis, 24 Februari 2011

Vocabs : Household Product


Look at the picture.
This is my home. I wanna explain to you Guys about what stuffs I have in my home.
One : The Garage.
In my garage I have a car and a motorcycle
Two : The Kitchen
I have a refrigerator, two stoves to cook the meal, a dining table, 5 chairs, one TV, a DVD player , a iron , 4 cupboards, and a oven 
Three : The Living Room
I have 3 couchs, 2 tables, 2 cupboards, 1 keyboard, and a tape player.
Four : The Middle Room
I have a TV, 3 cupboards, 4 emergency lamps, a phone, a laptop, a printer, and 2 chairs
Five : My room sweet room
I have 2 big cupboards and 2 small cupboards, a bed+ 1 mosquitos net,1 chair, 1 desk to study, 1 guitar, and a fan ( I don't have AC ) :D
Six : Bathroom
I have a bathtub,a closet, a mirror, and a hang wall.
And last : Yard
There's so many tree, some flowers,and 2 terace chairs
Descriptive Text


Social Function
To describe a particular person, place or thing
Significant Grammatical Features


  • Focus on specific Participant
  • Use of attributes and identifying Processes
  • Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
  • Use of simple present tense  
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features
  • Focus on Specific Participantas
  • Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
  • Frequent use of epithets Classifiers in nominal grups.
  • Use of simple present tense
Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.

The use of WH-Questions
What
When
Where
Why
Who
How

Simple Future Tense

Simple future is used for describing event or action that will to do (happen) at future.

1.Future tense “will”



•To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.

Example= A: Can you help me to do this homework?
B: Of course, I will do it for you.

•To offer to do something.

Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: Don’t worry.I will lend you.

•To assert an agreement to do something.

Example= A: You must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

•To ask someone to do something.

Example=A:It’s very hot in my room.
B: Certainly.


2.Future tense “shall”

•To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?

Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3.Future tense “be going to”

•To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example=A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: Oh, I’m sorry I forgot.I’m going to send it tonight.

•To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.

Example= A: The sky is very dark.What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain.

1.Positive (+):

a.Subject + shall/will + VI
Example:I shall clean the room.
We will go to school.
She will give a present.

Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b.Subject + to be + going to + VI

Example:I am going to play tennis.
They are going to swim very fast.
He is going to write a story.

Asking if someone remembers or not

 
 
Formal expressions
  • I wonder if you remember ….
  • You remember ...., don’t you?
  • You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
  • Don’t you remember ....?
  • Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond
  • Let me think, yes, I remember.
  • I remember especially the scenery.
  • I’ll never forget that.
  • I’ll always remember.
  • I can remember it clearly

Informal expressions
  • Remember the old house we used to live in?
  • Remember that?
  • I’m sorry, I don’t remember.

Ways to respond
  • Hold on. Yes, got it!
  • I know ….
  • It’s coming back to me now.

Response if you forget:

  • Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
  • I’m afraid I forget.
  • I really can’t remember.
  • I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
  • Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
  • Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Preposition of time : On,In, and At

 
 
In preposition of time We use:
•at for a PRECISE TIME
•in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
•on for DAYS and DATES
at in on

PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES
  • at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
  • at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
  • at noon in the summer on 6 March
  • at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
  • at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
  • at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
  • at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
  • at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

•I have a meeting at 9am.
•The shop closes at midnight.
•Jane went home at lunchtime.
•In England, it often snows in December.
•Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
•There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
•Do you work on Mondays?
•Her birthday is on 20 November.
•Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Offering

Definition of Offering :

1. The act of making an offer.
2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.
3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.
4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.




Offering to older people:

  • Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
  • Should I get you a bottle of water?
  • Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
  • Would you care for some salad ?
Offering to friends:
  • Want some?
  • Have some.
  • Chocolate?
  • Glass of lemonade?
  • Grab some for yourself.
  • Would you like to have a pancake?
  • Why don’t you have some lemonade?
  • What can I get for you?
  • What will you have?

Accepting an offer:
  • Thank you
  • Yes, please
  • I’d like it very much
  • Thank you, I would
  • That would be very nice

Declining an offer:
  • No, thanks.
  • No, I really won’t. Thank you.
  • Not for me, thanks.
  • No, thanks. I’m not hungry.
Modals in Past Form
 
Modals are helping words that are used to express: (1)possibility, (2)ability, (3)degree of certainty, and (4) level of authority
   Kinds of modals such as:
      Can, could, may,might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.
    are used in the past time.They are could, would, should, and might.

Formula of modals is:
Modals + verb 1 + O/C. Can be used in every tenses.

a.       Could is the past tense of can
The modal auxiliary could is used
*       -   To express an ability in the past:
   I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
*        - To express past or future permission:
   Could i bury my cat in your back yard?
*        - To express present possibility:
    We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking
 - To express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances :
   If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

Noun Phrase



noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun 

The Noun examples
       Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
       Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
        Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
       Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
       Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship
       The Functions of Nouns in Sentences
                       1.Subject of the sentence
               2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
                       3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
                       4. Direct object of a verb
                       5. Indirect object of a verb
                       6. Object of the preposition
                       7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun
For example:
       I like swimming
       The word ‘swimming’  is a gerund
     

Senin, 21 Februari 2011

Direct and Indirect Speech



Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
          indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech
For example:
Direct speech :"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
Indirect speech : He said he was going to the cinema.
          When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
          Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind
Present simple
Past tense

direct                    : Nina said “ I eat fried rice”
indirect                 :Nina said that  she ate fried rice.

Past simple
Past perfect

direct                    :  My Grandma said “ I went to market yesterday”
indirect                  : My Grandma said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

 Future simple
Past future

direct                    : Daussaid “ I will buy an i-pod next week’
indirect                 : Daus said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after
Present continuous
Past continuous

direct                    : Tito said “ I’m playing football”
indirect                 : Tito said he was playing football

Past continuous
Past perfect continuous

direct                    : She said “ I was teaching earlier”
indirect                  : She said she had been teaching earlier
when we want to report what someone said , we don’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by “that clause”
example  :
Selin said that she got up at 4 o’clock

Jumat, 18 Februari 2011

News Item


 News Item:  is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
          Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
.
Generic structure:
          Newsworthy Event(s):  recounts the events in summary form
          Background Event(s):  elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
          Sources:  comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.
          Significant Grammar Features:
          Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
          Generally using Simple Past Tense
          Use of Material Processes to retell the event
          Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
          Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
          Focus on Circumstances
          Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

Introductory It


A :     To understand this lesson is easy.
B :     It    is easy to understand this lesson.

          In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
          A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand.  
Example of Introductory “it” :
          To watch musical programs is pleasant.
          It is pleasant to watch musical program.

          To play football must be fun.
          It is fun to play football

Kamis, 17 Februari 2011

Passive Voice


When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
¢  the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
¢  the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
¢  the subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
¢  Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
¢  The two forms should have the same tenses
¢  IN A PASSIVE CLAUSE, WE USUALLY USE A PHRASE BEGINNING WITH BY IF WE WANT TO MENTION THE AGENT - THE PERSON OR THING THAT DOES THE ACTION, OR THAT CAUSES WHAT HAPPENS.
EXAMPLES:
MY MOTHER   MAKES   THE SANDWICH EVERY MORNING.
   SUBJECT     VERB1+S/ES      O     C (ADV. OF TIME)


THE SANDWICH  IS MADE  BY MY MOTHER EVERY MORNING.
SUBJECT    O BE+V3      AGENT            C (ADV. OF TIME)
¢  If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
¢  Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
¢  Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
 

Surprise and Disbeliefs


The meaning of surprise are:
The astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you, or
The state of being surprised,or taken unawares,by some act or event which could not reasonably be foreseen.
The meaning of disbelief are:
A state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion, assertion or doctrine is not true.
Denial of belief.

Ways to say it: Expressing being surprised

Telling surprising news:
Guess what!
Surprise!
I’ve got news for you.
Do you know what?
You won’t believe it!
  
Responding to believe or not:
Oh, no. That’s not true.
You don’t say.
Really? That sounds interesting.
Really? It’s surprising that….
Seeing is believing.
Good heavens.
My goodness!
This is really a surprise

Congratulation, Compliment and Gratitude


          Congratulation  is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
          Congratulating:
          Congratulations!
          Congratulations on your success!
          Happy birthday!
          Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
          Merry Christmas!
          Happy New Year!
          Happy Valentine!
          Happy anniversary!
          Compliment ] is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
          on his/her general appearance
          if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
          when you visit someone’s house for the first time
          when other people do their best